Author: Arunendra Kumar Sharma, Student of B.A. LL.B. (Hons.), Faculty of Law, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an important part of modern governance and law enforcement. Across the world, police agencies are increasingly relying on data-driven technologies to improve crime prevention, investigation, and resource allocation. One such development is predictive policing, which uses data analysis and machine learning techniques to identify crime patterns and assist law enforcement authorities in decision-making.
This study examines the growing use of predictive policing and Artificial Intelligence within the Indian criminal justice system. Particular attention has been given to the landmark American case of State v. Loomis (2016), which brought global attention to the legal and constitutional concerns associated with algorithmic decision-making. The study further analyses emerging policing initiatives in India, including CCTNS, facial recognition technologies, and other technology-assisted policing mechanisms.
The research evaluates the impact of these technologies on constitutional rights guaranteed under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution of India. It highlights concerns relating to privacy, surveillance, algorithmic bias, transparency, and accountability. The study argues that while Artificial Intelligence can strengthen policing efficiency, its deployment must remain consistent with constitutional values and democratic safeguards.
The study concludes that India requires a balanced regulatory framework capable of encouraging technological innovation while ensuring the protection of fundamental rights and individual liberties.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Predictive Policing, State v. Loomis, COMPAS, Privacy, Surveillance, Algorithmic Bias, Criminal Justice, Constitutional Law, Fundamental Rights.
